Causes and factors associated to falls among the Elder
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Published:
Jan 25, 2019
Keywords:
Aged,
accidental falls,
physician’s offices,
geriatric nursing,
Peru,
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence, characteristics, causes (intrinsic and extrinsic), and factors associated to falls among the elder.
Methodology: This is a transversal and descriptive study with 183 elder individuals attending a geriatric unit in a public hospital. Data were collected using a Demographic Profile, the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Barthel Scale, Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), as well as registers on the number, characteristics and causes of the falls. Descriptive statistics, and risk odds ratios at the level of p ≤ 0.05 were calculated.
Results: The prevalence of falls was 24%. The most frequent places of occurrence were the living room, the dorm, and the street. From those who had falls, 9.1% were hospitalized and 59.1% suffered diverse wounds. Among the consequences of falls were: subsequent difficulty to walk; fear to suffering new falls; and changes in the residence location. Among the factors associated to accidental falls were: being 80 years and older; not being work-exempted; and having depressive symptoms.
Conclusions: Falls can be associated to diverse factors and thus, health professionals need to be trained to identified them, and provide individualized care plans to prevent possible adverse events.
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References
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7. Sousa LMM, Marques-Vieira CMA, Caldevilla MNGN, Henriques CMAD, Severino SSP, Caldeira SMA. Risco de quedas em idosos residentes na comunidade: revisão sistemática da literatura. Rev. gaúcha enferm. 2016; 37(4) 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2016.04.55030
8. Alshammari SA, Alhassan AM, Aldawsari MA, Bazuhair FO, Alotaibi FK, Aldakhil AA, et al. Falls among elderly and its relation with their health problems and surrounding environmental factors in Riyadh. J Family Community Med. 2018; 25(1): 29-34.
9. Romli MH, Tan MP, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Suttanon P, Clemson L. Falls amongst older people in Southeast Asia: a scoping review. Public Health. 2017; 145: 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.12.035
10. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr Res. 1975; 12(3): 189-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
11. Ostrosky-Solís F. López-Arango G, Ardila A. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Mini Mental State Examination in a Spanish Speaking Population. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2000; 7(1): 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0701_4
12. Mahoney FI. Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965; 14: 61-5.
13. Cid-Ruzafa J, Damián-Moreno J. Valoración de la discapacidad física: el índice de Barthel. Ver. Esp. Salud Publica.
14. Powell-Lawton M, Brody EM. Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Gerontologist. 1969; 9(3): 179-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
15. Olazarán-Rodríguez J, Bermejo F, Mouronte P. Validez clínica de dos escalas de actividades instrumentales en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Neurología. 2005; 20(8): 395-401.
16. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982-1983; 17(1): 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
17. Martínez-de la Iglesia J, Onís-Vilches MC, Dueñas-Herrero R, Aguado-Taberné C, Albert-Colomer C, Arias-Blanco MC. et al. Abreviar lo breve. Aproximación a versiones ultracortas del cuestionario de Yesavage para el cribado de la depresión. Aten. prim. 2005; 35(1): 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1157/13071040
18. American Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research. Involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013; 310(20): 2191-4.
19. Stenhagen M, Ekström H, Nordell E, Elmståhl S. Accidental falls, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction: A prospective study of the general elderly population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014; 58(1): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.006
20. Cruz-Quijano PD, Pérez-Portal A, Piloto-Rodríguez A, Díaz-López D, Morales-Izaguirre A, Reyes- Herrera Y. Algunas causales relacionadas con caídas en el hogar del adulto mayor. RCMGI. 2015; 31(1): 35-41.
21. Lavedán-Santamaría A, Jürschik-Giménez P, Botigué-Satorra T, Nuin-Orrio C, Viladrosa-Montoy M. Prevalencia y factores asociados a caídas en adultos mayores que viven en la comunidad. Aten. prim. 2015; 47(6): 367-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2014.07.012
22. Alves RLT, Silva CFM, Pimentel LN, Costa IA, Souza ACS, Coelho LAF. Avaliação dos fatores de risco que contribuem para queda em idosos. Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 2017; 20(1): 59-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.160022
23. Provencher V, Généreux M, Gagnon-Roy M, Veillette N, Egan M, Sirois MJ, et al. Preventing avoidable incidents leading to a presentation to the emergency department (ED) by older adults with cognitive impairment: protocol for as scoping review. BMJ Open. 2016; 6: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009818
24. Parreria JG, Vianna AMF, Cardoso GS, Karakhanian WZ, Calil D, Perlingeiro JAG, et al. Lesões graves em vítimas de queda da própria altura. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010; 56(6): 660-4.
25. Alves NB, Scheicher ME. Equilíbrio postural e risco para queda em idosos da cidade de Garça, SP. Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 2011; 14(4): 763-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232011000400015
26. French DD, Margo CE, Tanna AP, Volpe NJ, Rubenstein LZ. Associations of injurious falls and self- reported incapacities: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. J Patient Saf. 2016; 12(3): 148-51. http://doi.10.1097/PTS.0000000000000084
27. Brito TA, Fernandes MH, Coqueiro RS, Jesus CS. Quedas e capacidade funcional em idosos longevos residentes em comunidade. Texto Contexto-enferm. 2013; 22(1): 43-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072013000100006
28. Lopéz-López D, Expósito-Casabella Y, Losa-Iglesias M, Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo R, Saleta-Canosa JL, Alonso-Tajes F. Impact of shoe size in a simple of elderly individuals. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016; 62(8): 789-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.08.789
29. López-López D, Losa-Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo R, Palomo-López P, Morales-Ponce A, Soriano-Medrano A, et al. Optimal choice of footwear in the elderly population. Geriatr Nurs. 2015; 36(6): 458-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.07.003
30. Berry SD, Miller R. Falls: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and relationship to fracture. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2008; 6(4): 149-54.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system (WISQARS). EE.UU: CDC; Last update 2018. [Consultado noviembre 18 2017]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/
32. Romli MH, Tan MP, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Kamaruzzaman SB, Clemson L. Factors associated with home hazards: Findings from the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018; 18(3): 387-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13189
33. Hoang OTT, Jullamate P, Piphatvanitcha N, Rosenberg E. Factors related to fear of falling among community-dwelling older adults. J Clin Nurs. 2016; 26(1-2): 68-76. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/jocn.13337
34. Santos RKM, Maciel ACC, Britto HMJS, Lima JCC, Souza TO. Prevalência e fatores associados ao risco de quedas em idosos adscritos a uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de Natal, RN, Brasil. Ciênc. saúde coletiva. 2015; 20(12): 3753-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152012.00662015
35. Soares WJS, Moraes SA, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Fatores associados a quedas e quedas recorrentes em idosos: estudo de base populacional. Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 2014; 17(1): 49-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232014000100006
36. Cockell FF. Idosos aposentados no mercado de trabalho informal: trajetórias ocupacionais na construção civil. Psicol. Soc. 2014; 26(2): 461-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-71822014000200022
37. McDermott LM, Ebmeier KP. A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. J Affect Disord. 2009; 119(1-3): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022
2. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Caídas. Datos y cifras. Ginebra: OMS; 2018. [Consultado julio 9 2018]. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2lECBFw
3. Fhon JRS, Rodrigues RAP, Neira WF, Huayta VMR, Robazzi MLCC. Queda e sua associação à síndrome da fragilidade no idoso: revisão sistemática com metanálise. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2016; 50(6): 1005-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000700018
4. Organização Mundial da Saúde, Organização Panamericana da Saúde. Clasificação Estatística Internacional de Doencas e Problemas Relacionados à saúde CID-10. 10ª ed. São Paulo: edusp; 2007.
5. Cruz E, González M, López M, Godoy ID, Pérez MU. Caídas: revisión de nuevos conceptos. Rev. Hosp. Univ. Pedro Ernesto. 2014; 13(2): 86-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rhupe.2014.11522
6. Almeida ST, Soldera CLC, Carli GA, Gomes I, Resende TL. Análise de fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos que predispõem a quedas em idosos. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 2012; 58(4): 427-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302012000400012
7. Sousa LMM, Marques-Vieira CMA, Caldevilla MNGN, Henriques CMAD, Severino SSP, Caldeira SMA. Risco de quedas em idosos residentes na comunidade: revisão sistemática da literatura. Rev. gaúcha enferm. 2016; 37(4) 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2016.04.55030
8. Alshammari SA, Alhassan AM, Aldawsari MA, Bazuhair FO, Alotaibi FK, Aldakhil AA, et al. Falls among elderly and its relation with their health problems and surrounding environmental factors in Riyadh. J Family Community Med. 2018; 25(1): 29-34.
9. Romli MH, Tan MP, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Suttanon P, Clemson L. Falls amongst older people in Southeast Asia: a scoping review. Public Health. 2017; 145: 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.12.035
10. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr Res. 1975; 12(3): 189-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
11. Ostrosky-Solís F. López-Arango G, Ardila A. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Mini Mental State Examination in a Spanish Speaking Population. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2000; 7(1): 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0701_4
12. Mahoney FI. Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J. 1965; 14: 61-5.
13. Cid-Ruzafa J, Damián-Moreno J. Valoración de la discapacidad física: el índice de Barthel. Ver. Esp. Salud Publica.
14. Powell-Lawton M, Brody EM. Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Gerontologist. 1969; 9(3): 179-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
15. Olazarán-Rodríguez J, Bermejo F, Mouronte P. Validez clínica de dos escalas de actividades instrumentales en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Neurología. 2005; 20(8): 395-401.
16. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982-1983; 17(1): 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
17. Martínez-de la Iglesia J, Onís-Vilches MC, Dueñas-Herrero R, Aguado-Taberné C, Albert-Colomer C, Arias-Blanco MC. et al. Abreviar lo breve. Aproximación a versiones ultracortas del cuestionario de Yesavage para el cribado de la depresión. Aten. prim. 2005; 35(1): 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1157/13071040
18. American Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research. Involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013; 310(20): 2191-4.
19. Stenhagen M, Ekström H, Nordell E, Elmståhl S. Accidental falls, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction: A prospective study of the general elderly population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014; 58(1): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.006
20. Cruz-Quijano PD, Pérez-Portal A, Piloto-Rodríguez A, Díaz-López D, Morales-Izaguirre A, Reyes- Herrera Y. Algunas causales relacionadas con caídas en el hogar del adulto mayor. RCMGI. 2015; 31(1): 35-41.
21. Lavedán-Santamaría A, Jürschik-Giménez P, Botigué-Satorra T, Nuin-Orrio C, Viladrosa-Montoy M. Prevalencia y factores asociados a caídas en adultos mayores que viven en la comunidad. Aten. prim. 2015; 47(6): 367-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2014.07.012
22. Alves RLT, Silva CFM, Pimentel LN, Costa IA, Souza ACS, Coelho LAF. Avaliação dos fatores de risco que contribuem para queda em idosos. Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 2017; 20(1): 59-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.160022
23. Provencher V, Généreux M, Gagnon-Roy M, Veillette N, Egan M, Sirois MJ, et al. Preventing avoidable incidents leading to a presentation to the emergency department (ED) by older adults with cognitive impairment: protocol for as scoping review. BMJ Open. 2016; 6: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009818
24. Parreria JG, Vianna AMF, Cardoso GS, Karakhanian WZ, Calil D, Perlingeiro JAG, et al. Lesões graves em vítimas de queda da própria altura. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010; 56(6): 660-4.
25. Alves NB, Scheicher ME. Equilíbrio postural e risco para queda em idosos da cidade de Garça, SP. Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 2011; 14(4): 763-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232011000400015
26. French DD, Margo CE, Tanna AP, Volpe NJ, Rubenstein LZ. Associations of injurious falls and self- reported incapacities: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. J Patient Saf. 2016; 12(3): 148-51. http://doi.10.1097/PTS.0000000000000084
27. Brito TA, Fernandes MH, Coqueiro RS, Jesus CS. Quedas e capacidade funcional em idosos longevos residentes em comunidade. Texto Contexto-enferm. 2013; 22(1): 43-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072013000100006
28. Lopéz-López D, Expósito-Casabella Y, Losa-Iglesias M, Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo R, Saleta-Canosa JL, Alonso-Tajes F. Impact of shoe size in a simple of elderly individuals. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016; 62(8): 789-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.08.789
29. López-López D, Losa-Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa-Vallejo R, Palomo-López P, Morales-Ponce A, Soriano-Medrano A, et al. Optimal choice of footwear in the elderly population. Geriatr Nurs. 2015; 36(6): 458-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.07.003
30. Berry SD, Miller R. Falls: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and relationship to fracture. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2008; 6(4): 149-54.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system (WISQARS). EE.UU: CDC; Last update 2018. [Consultado noviembre 18 2017]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/
32. Romli MH, Tan MP, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Kamaruzzaman SB, Clemson L. Factors associated with home hazards: Findings from the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018; 18(3): 387-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13189
33. Hoang OTT, Jullamate P, Piphatvanitcha N, Rosenberg E. Factors related to fear of falling among community-dwelling older adults. J Clin Nurs. 2016; 26(1-2): 68-76. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/jocn.13337
34. Santos RKM, Maciel ACC, Britto HMJS, Lima JCC, Souza TO. Prevalência e fatores associados ao risco de quedas em idosos adscritos a uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de Natal, RN, Brasil. Ciênc. saúde coletiva. 2015; 20(12): 3753-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152012.00662015
35. Soares WJS, Moraes SA, Ferriolli E, Perracini MR. Fatores associados a quedas e quedas recorrentes em idosos: estudo de base populacional. Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol. 2014; 17(1): 49-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232014000100006
36. Cockell FF. Idosos aposentados no mercado de trabalho informal: trajetórias ocupacionais na construção civil. Psicol. Soc. 2014; 26(2): 461-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-71822014000200022
37. McDermott LM, Ebmeier KP. A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. J Affect Disord. 2009; 119(1-3): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022
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