Experiencia de las adolescentes sobre el apoyo familiar durante el embarazo

Abstract

Latin America observes a rate of approximated annual fecundity of 100 childbirths by thousand women, between the ages of 15 and 19. In Mexico every year 450 thousand pregnancies of adolescent mother occur, which represent 25% of the total gestation that are registered in all the country, and it carries a high social, biological and psychological impact in the involved people. Nowadays, 49% of the pregnant adolescents leave the school throughout the period and is in this stage where the family has an important role, being the primary support in the social network, since it is where the binomial opportunities of grow-development is defined.

  The purpose of this study is to explore the experience of the adolescents on the family support during pregnancy in a medium-high level school, as part of a negotiated phenomenon for the continuation of the studies.

The design was a methodological triangulation, where quantitatively a descriptive, explanatory and cross-sectional study was settle down. The universe corresponded to 1,022  students of a medium-high level school in Mexico City, the study subjects were 30 adolescents between 15 and 19 years, in the second or third trimester of pregnancy, with regular inscription and living with their origin family. Qualitatively 9 informants were interviewed.

The procedure consisted in applying the “family APGAR” ( Smilkenstein, 1978), “Certificate of identification” and Card of familiar composition” that were analyzed through graphs and tables. AT the same time, the interviews to the informants were carried on until obtaining the saturation of the concept, and then taxed, transcribed, codified and analyzed in a matrix designed by the authors for such goal. The next step was the axial codification, after the text analysis, until obtaining 8 categories.

Results. The adolescents in little less that 50% if the cases were 18 years old. The 75% referred some degree of familiar dysfunction. The familiar support reported 8 categories: 1) Type of support and character that provides it: in where there are several aspects: moral (offered by both parents), of orientation and taken care of (by  the mother), economic (father) and of complicity and company (brothers and sisters and father of her son), 2) Aspects that the family communicates to the adolescents (baby expectations), 3) Family member with which she maintains communication (mother), 4) feelings generated by pregnancy in the family upon notification, 5) consequences of the pregnancy in the adolescent (free-time, in the daily life domestic, emotional activities), 6) feelings of the young mother  during the pregnancy, 7) consequences of the pregnancy in the family (improvement in the familiar relation and no changes) an 8) Reaction of the adolescent son’s father before the pregnancy (proposal of abortion, distance-abandonment and possibility of marriage.

Conclusions and discussion. It is undeniable that the family is the setting where the pregnancy is developed, nevertheless 7 out of 10 have some degree of dysfunction which must be taken into account for the health care of the adolescents. Contrary to what references indicate, the future mothers did not report family crisis, nevertheless is not overlooked that the investigation subjects already had managed to negotiate with the family to continue studying and staying in the family. The experience on family support in the mind of the young mother is focused in very specific modalities and assigned to certain characters, and undoubtedly if the did not exist they would compromise this resource of confronting the changes.On the other hand the experience of the pregnancy mobilizes in sensation and roles, of the young mother and the family members, which should be taken into account when designing strategies for the health care.