Confiabilidad y validez del Cuestionario de Cultura de Seguridad del Paciente en los Hospitales
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Introducción: La cultura de seguridad es clave para disminuir los riesgos asociados a la atención sanitaria, ya que conduce a las organizaciones hacia el logro de la máxima seguridad posible. Por ello, su evaluación sistemática es primordial para la gestión de riesgos en los hospitales.
Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad y validez del Cuestionario de Cultura de Seguridad del Paciente en los Hospitales, elaborado por la Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, en un hospital de Chile.
Metodología: Investigación cuantitativa, analítica, de corte transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario a una muestra no aleatoria de 225 enfermeras y técnicos en enfermería. Para evaluar la consistencia interna se utilizaron los coeficientes de α-Cronbach, λ6-Guttman y ω-McDonald. Para examinar la validez de constructo se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio.
Resultados: Los coeficientes de confiabilidad para los ítems del cuestionario fueron mayores a 0.89. Se detectaron tres dimensiones con problemas de consistencia interna: Percepción de la seguridad, Franqueza en la comunicación y Trabajo en equipo entre unidades. El análisis factorial exploratorio planteó entre 12 y 13 dimensiones.
Discusión: La evaluación de la cultura de seguridad es relevante para lograr los objetivos del Plan Global de Seguridad del Paciente, siendo esencial disponer de instrumentos adaptados culturalmente, válidos y confiables que faciliten la toma de decisiones organizacionales y permitan evaluar el impacto de estas a lo largo del tiempo.
Conclusiones: El cuestionario responde adecuadamente a la consistencia interna y tiende a agrupar 12 dimensiones. No obstante, requiere ajustes en ítems problemáticos de tres dimensiones con baja consistencia interna.
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